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SAGE

Salvia officinalis L

Description

It’s a sub-shrub plant with a perennial, branched, erect or ascending, fusiform, fibrous root. Stem is erect, quadrangular, very branched. Leaves are opposite, of 20-70 cm, oblong to lanceolate with a leathery texture, entire and thick with finely toothed edges of a grayish-green color at the above face and paler beneath, covered by a whitish downy, especially the inferior face. Leaves found at the lower part of the plant are long petioled with a lanceolate-oblong limb, somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Upper leaves are smaller, sessile and sharp. Sage leaves have an odor and an aromatic strong and bitter taste. Flowers are labiated with a short pedicel displaced in terminal spikes of 2 or 4 and sometimes in 6-10 verticils. They are white, pink or light purple, grouped at the top of the stem. Fruit is an oval-shaped tetrachene. It belongs to the Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) family.

Its indigenous of the Eastern Mediterranean zone (GreeceYugoslavia, etc.); spontaneous of Italy, Southern France, SpainMorocco. It grows in dry plains, slopes and hillsides of lime mountains, up to 100 m, steep bank, rocky soils, pasture, wasteland and underbrush lands lengthwise Spain and Portugal, but becomes scarce and eventually disappears toward the northern and western regions. It is cultivated in gardens along the Mediterranean basin. It grows where there is a limestone formation and easily adapts itself to poor cultivated or little productive land, like ditches, rocky slopes, usually in dry and sunny places. It tolerates mild and mild-warm weather, as well as freezing temperatures if they are not for long time. It also resists dry seasons. It blooms between May and July. Leaves harvest has to be done before blooming or when it barely begins, in case it’ll be used fresh or raw. If the plant will be used to obtain the essence, then the harvesting should be done during blooming. After the 1st year, it is possible to get two harvests, one at late spring, early summer and the other at the beginning of winter; however, the second one is poorer.

Part used

Leaves and floral apexes.

Indications

Internal use
  • Digestive disorders: flatulence, lack of appetite, hyposecretive dyspepsia, gastrointestinal spasm, gastroenteritis, intestinal mucosa inflammation.
  • Dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, menopause.
  • Hyperglycemia and as an adjuvant in the diabetes treatment.
  • Psychosomatic excessive perspiration, excessive sweating due to menopause, tuberculosis-linked night sweats.
  • Children weaning.
  • Nervous disorders, psychical and mental tiredness.
  • Upper respiratory tract disorders, nose congestion, cough and tuberculosis.
  • Free radicals prevention and elimination.
  • In an experimental way, the plant has shown potential in treating Alzheimer’s disease.
  • In the food industry, it is used to add scent to pork fresh sausages, in food in general and alcoholic beverages.
External use
  • Skin disorders: dermatitis.
  • Gingivitis (gums inflammation), stomatitis, parodontitis, oral thrush and ulcers.
  • Pharyngitis, tonsillitis (gargles).
  • Vaginitis, vaginal candidiasis, leukorrhea (vaginal discharge increase)
  • Feet, hands and armpits excessive perspiration. To improve feet sweating, feet baths in sage infusion or put some sage leaves inside the shoes.
  • Bad breath (chew some fresh leaves).
  • Insect repellent.
  • Hair loss prevention.
  • Joint inflammation and arthritis pain (essential oil rubbing).
  • Oral herpes simplex.

Estudios
Estudio sobre su efecto beneficioso en la hiperhidrosis:

* Togel B, Greve B, Raulin C. University Dermatological Clinic, Heidelberg, Germany. Current therapeutic strategies for hyperhidrosis: a review. Eur J Dermatol. 2002 May-Jun;12(3):219-23. PMID: 11978559 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antioxidante:

* Lima CF, Andrade PB, Seabra RM, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Department of Biology, Centre of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. The drinking of a Salvia officinalis infusion improves liver antioxidant status in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Feb 28;97(2):383-9. Epub 2005 Jan 17. PMID: 15707779 [PubMed-in process].

* Masuda T, Inaba Y, Maekawa T, Takeda Y, Tamura H, Yamaguchi H. Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan. Recovery mechanism of the antioxidant activity from carnosic acid quinone, an oxidized sage and rosemary antioxidant. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Oct 9;50(21):5863-9. PMID: 12358451 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Bors W, Michel C, Stettmaier K, Lu Y, Foo LY. Institut f. Strahlenbiologie, GSF Research Center, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Antioxidant mechanisms of polyphenolic caffeic acid oligomers, constituents of Salvia officinalis. Biol Res. 2004;37(2):301-11. PMID: 15455660 [PubMed-in process].

* Estevez M, Ventanas S, Ramirez R, Cava R. Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Caceres, Spain. Analysis of volatiles in porcine liver pates with added sage and rosemary essential oils by using SPME-GC-MS. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Aug 11;52(16):5168-74. PMID: 15291492 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Santos-Gomes PC, Seabra RM, Andrade PB, Fernandes-Ferreira M. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. Determination of phenolic antioxidant compounds produced by calli and cell suspensions of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). J Plant Physiol. 2003 Sep;160(9):1025-32. PMID: 14593803 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Ozcan M. Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. Antioxidant activities of rosemary, sage, and sumac extracts and their combinations on stability of natural peanut oil. J Med Food. 2003 Fall;6(3):267-70. PMID: 14585194 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Matsingou TC, Petrakis N, Kapsokefalou M, Salifoglou A. Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece. Antioxidant activity of organic extracts from aqueous infusions of sage. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Nov 5;51(23):6696-701. PMID: 14582962 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Exarchou V, Nenadis N, Tsimidou M, Gerothanassis IP, Troganis A, Boskou D. Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece. Antioxidant activities and phenolic composition of extracts from Greek oregano, Greek sage, and summer savory. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Sep 11;50(19):5294-9. PMID: 12207464 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Miura K, Kikuzaki H, Nakatani N. Division of Food and Health Science, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan. Antioxidant activity of chemical components from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) measured by the oil stability index method. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Mar 27;50(7):1845-51. PMID: 11902922 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].


* Zainuddin A, Pokorny J, Venskutonis R. Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Technicka 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic. Antioxidant activity of sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata Wahlnb.) extract in lard and rapeseed oil emulsions. Nahrung. 2002 Feb;46(1):15-7. PMID: 11890046 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Dauksas E, Venskutonis PR, Povilaityte V, Sivik B. Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Food Technology, Radvilenu pl 19, LT-3028 Kaunas, Lithuania. Rapid screening of antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide at different extraction conditions. Nahrung. 2001 Oct;45(5):338-41. PMID: 11715345 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Zheng W, Wang SY. Fruit Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Nov;49(11):5165-70. PMID: 11714298 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Vichi S, Zitterl-Eglseer K, Jugl M, Franz C. University of Udine, Department of Food Science, Udine, Italy. Determination of the presence of antioxidants deriving from sage and oregano extracts added to animal fat by means of assessment of the radical scavenging capacity by photochemiluminescence analysis. Nahrung. 2001 Apr;45(2):101-4. PMID: 11379280 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Wang M, Shao Y, Li J, Zhu N, Rangarajan M, LaVoie EJ, Ho CT. Department of Food Science, Cook College, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA. Antioxidative phenolic glycosides from sage (Salvia officinalis). J Nat Prod. 1999 Mar;62(3):454-6. PMID: 10096857 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Bol'shakova IV, Lozovskaia EL, Sapezhinskii II. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia. Antioxidant properties of plant extracts. Biofizika. 1998 Mar-Apr;43(2):186-8. PMID: 9591094 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Schwarz K, Ternes W. Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany. Antioxidative constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis. II. Isolation of carnosic acid and formation of other phenolic diterpenes. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1992 Aug;195(2):99-103. PMID: 1529648 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Schwarz K, Ternes W. Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany. Antioxidative constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis. I. Determination of phenolic diterpenes with antioxidative activity amongst tocochromanols using HPLC. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1992 Aug;195(2):95-8. PMID: 1529647 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Schwarz K, Ternes W, Schmauderer E. Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany. Antioxidative constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis. III. Stability of phenolic diterpenes of rosemary extracts under thermal stress as required for technological processes. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1992 Aug;195(2):104-7. PMID: 1529646 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].


* Lamaison JL, Petitjean-Freytet C, Carnat A. Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytotherapie, Faculte de Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand. Medicinal Lamiaceae with antioxidant properties, a potential source of rosmarinic acid. Pharm Acta Helv. 1991;66(7):185-8. PMID: 1763093 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Cuvelier ME, Berset C, Richard H. Antioxidative activity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercial extracts of sage and rosemary. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 645-652, 1996.

* Schwarz K, Ternes W. Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany. Antioxidative constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis. I. Determination of phenolic diterpenes with antioxidative activity amongst tocochromanols using HPLC. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1992 Aug;195(2):95-8. PMID: 1529647 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Takacsova M, Pribela A, Faktorova M. Slovak Technical University, Fakulty of Chemical Technology, Bratislava. Study of the antioxidative effects of thyme, sage, juniper and oregano. Nahrung. 1995;39(3):241-3. PMID: 7623926 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Triantaphyllou K, Blekas G, Boskou D. Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. Antioxidative properties of water extracts obtained from herbs of the species Lamiaceae. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2001 Jul;52(4):313-7. PMID: 11474895 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Ho CT, Wang M, Wei GJ, Huang TC, Huang MT. Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA. Chemistry and antioxidative factors in rosemary and sage. Biofactors. 2000;13(1-4):161-6. PMID: 11237177 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción beneficiosa en la enfermedad de Alzheimer:

* Tildesley NT, Kennedy DO, Perry EK, Ballard CG, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB. Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK. Positive modulation of mood and cognitive performance following administration of acute doses of Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil to healthy young volunteers. Physiol Behav. 2005 Jan 17;83(5):699-709. PMID: 15639154 [PubMed-in process].

* Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S, Jamshidi AH, Khani M. Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Institute of Medicinal Plants, Iranian Academic Centre for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran. Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2003 Feb;28(1):53-9. PMID: 12605619 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Perry EK, Pickering AT, Wang WW, Houghton PJ, Perry NS. Medical Research Council, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: from ethnobotany to phytotherapy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 May;51(5):527-34. PMID: 10411211 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].


* Perry EK, Pickering AT, Wang WW, Houghton P, Perry NS. Medical Research Council, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: Integrating ethnobotanical and contemporary scientific evidence. J Altern Complement Med. 1998 Winter;4(4):419-28. PMID: 9884179 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Perry NS, Bollen C, Perry EK, Ballard C. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Salvia for dementia therapy: review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jun;75(3):651-9. PMID: 12895683 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su acción beneficiosa en el tratamiento tópico del herpes labial:

* Saller R, Buechi S, Meyrat R, Schmidhauser C. Departement fur Innere Medizin, Naturheilkunde, Universitatsspital Zurich. Combined herbal preparation for topical treatment of Herpes labialis. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2001 Dec;8(6):373-82. PMID: 11799306 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción anticancerosa:

* Vujosevic M, Blagojevic J. Department of Genetics, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, 29 novembra 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. Antimutagenic effects of extracts from sage (Salvia officinalis) in mammalian system in vivo. Acta Vet Hung. 2004;52(4):439-43. PMID: 15595277 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Slamenova D, Masterova I, Labaj J, Horvathova E, Kubala P, Jakubikova J, Wsolova L. Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Cytotoxic and DNA-damaging effects of diterpenoid quinones from the roots of Salvia officinalis L. on colonic and hepatic human cells cultured in vitro. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004 Jun;94(6):282-90. PMID: 15228500 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción inmunomoduladora:

* Capek P, Hribalova V. Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Water-soluble polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L. possessing immunomodulatory activity. Phytochemistry. 2004 Jul;65(13):1983-92. PMID: 15280005 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Capek P, Hribalova V, Svandova E, Ebringerova A, Sasinkova V, Masarova J. Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Characterization of immunomodulatory polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L. Int J Biol Macromol. 2003 Nov;33(1-3):113-9. PMID: 14599593 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Ebringerova A, Kardosova A, Hromadkova Z, Hribalova V. Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-842 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Mitogenic and comitogenic activities of polysaccharides from some European herbaceous plants. Fitoterapia. 2003 Feb;74(1-2):52-61. PMID: 12628395 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].


Estudio sobre su acción antimicrobiana:

* Rota C, Carraminana JJ, Burillo J, Herrera A. Departamento de Produccion Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Unidad Higiene, Inspeccion, Control y Microbiologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177 Zaragoza, Spain. In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot. 2004 Jun;67(6):1252-6. PMID: 15222560 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Masterova I, Misikova E, Sirotkova L, Vaverkova S, Ubik K. Katedra farmakognogie a botaniky Farmaceutickaj fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho, Bratislava. Royleanones in the roots of Salvia officinalis L. of domestic provenance and their antimicrobial activity. Ceska Slov Farm. 1996 Sep;45(5):242-5. Slovak. Erratum in: Ceska Slov Farm 1996 Nov;45(6):301. PMID: 9011311 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Pavlenko LV, Mashkovskii NN, Smirnov VV. Effect of salvin on the incorporation of labeled precursors into macromolecular compounds of Staphylococcus aureus 209P. Antibiot Khimioter. 1989 Aug;34(8):582-5. PMID: 2480082 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Pavlenko LV, Stepaniuk VV, Volosovets PS, Smirnov VV. The effect of salvin on the growth and ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus 209P. Mikrobiol Zh. 1989 Mar-Apr;51(2):86-91. PMID: 2761451 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Molochko VA, Lastochkina TM, Krylov IA, Brangulis KA. The antistaphylococcal properties of plant extracts in relation to their prospective use as therapeutic and prophylactic formulations for the skin. Vestn Dermatol Venerol. 1990;(8):54-6. PMID: 2256382 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Derbentseva NA, Matveenko SA, Omelchuk TIa. Antimicrobic activity of preparations from some sage species. Mikrobiol Zh. 1965;27(3):76-80. PMID: 5869767 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antibacteriana:

* Pereira RS, Sumita TC, Furlan MR, Jorge AO, Ueno M. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Taubate, Taubate, SP, Brasil. Antibacterial activity of essential oils on microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infection. Rev Saude Publica. 2004 Apr;38(2):326-8. Epub 2004 Apr 26. PMID: 15122392 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Aizenman BE, Derbentseva NA, Zelepukha SI, Negrash AK, Volosovets PS. Salvin, an antibiotic from Salvia officinalis. Mikrobiol Zh. 1982 May-Jun;44(3):69-72. PMID: 7121324 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Koga T, Hirota N, Takumi K. Department of Food Microbiology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Japan. Bactericidal activities of essential oils of basil and sage against a range of bacteria and the effect of these essential oils on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol Res. 1999 Dec;154(3):267-73. PMID: 10652788 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].


Estudios sobre su acción hipoglucemiante:

* Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Flores-Saenz JL, Aguirre-Garcia F. Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Division de Ciencias Biologicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Apartado postal 55-535, 09340 Mexico D.F., Mexico. Investigation on the hypoglycaemic effects of extracts of four Mexican medicinal plants in normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. Phytother Res. 2002 Jun;16(4):383-6. PMID: 12112298 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* J. Jiménez, S. Risco, T. Ruiz y A Zarzuelo. Hypoglycemic activity of Salvia lavandulifolia. Planta Med. 52:260 (1986).

* Zarzuelo A, Risco S, Gamez MJ, Jimenez J, Camara M, Martinez MA. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Spain. Hypoglycemic action of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. spp. oxyodon:a contribution to studies on the mechanism of action. Life Sci. 1990;47(11):909-15. PMID: 2215073 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su efecto beneficioso en la menopausia:

* Leo V, Lanzetta D, Cazzavacca R, Morgante G. Istituto di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Universita degli Studi-Siena. Treatment of neurovegetative menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent. Minerva Ginecol. 1998 May;50(5):207-11. PMID: 9677811 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su efecto beneficioso en las infecciones respiratorias:

* Shubina LP, Siurin SA, Savchenko VM. Inhalations of essential oils in the combined treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis. Vrach Delo. 1990 May;(5):66-7. PMID: 2396397 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su capacidad de inhibir la absorción de grasas:

* Ninomiya K, Matsuda H, Shimoda H, Nishida N, Kasajima N, Yoshino T, Morikawa T, Yoshikawa M. Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan. Carnosic acid, a new class of lipid absorption inhibitor from sage. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Apr 19;14(8):1943-6. PMID: 15050633 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
Estudio sobre su efecto beneficioso a nivel de la pared arterial:

* Hohmann J, Zupko I, Redei D, Csanyi M, Falkay G, Mathe I, Janicsak G. Protective effects of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis, Melissa Officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia and their constituents against enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation. Planta Med. 1999 Aug;65(6):576-8. PMID: 10532875 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su acción antiespasmódica e hipotensora:

* Todorov S, Philianos S, Petkov V, Harvala C, Zamfirova R, Olimpiou H. Experimental pharmacological study of three species from genus Salvia. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1984;10(2):13-20. PMID: 6485822 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su acción antiespasmódica:

* Taddei, I., D. Giachetti, E. Taddei, P. Mantovani, E. Bianchi. 1988. Spasmolytic activity of peppermint, sage and rosemary essences and their major constituents. Fitoterapia 59:463-468.

Estudio sobre su acción antiinflamatoria en uso tópico:

* Baricevic D, Sosa S, Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Simonovska B, Krasna A, Zupancic A. Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1111, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia officinalis L. leaves: the relevance of ursolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 May;75(2-3):125-32. PMID: 11297842 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Marchenko AI, Pinchuk VN, Shvets IV. Use of a sage ointment in treating cracked lips. Stomatologiia (Mosk). 1978 Jan-Feb;57(1):86-7. PMID: 272775 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su efecto beneficioso en la gingivitis:

* Osawa K, Matsumoto T, Yasuda H, Kato T, Naito Y, Okuda K. Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College. The inhibitory effect of plant extracts on the collagenolytic activity and cytotoxicity of human gingival fibroblasts by Porphyromonas gingivalis crude enzyme. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1991 Feb;32(1):1-7. PMID: 1668071 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su acción insecticida:

* Pavela R. Research Institute of Crop Production, Drnovska 507, 161 06 Praha 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic. Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants. Fitoterapia. 2004 Dec;75(7-8):745-9. PMID: 15567255 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre su interacción medicamentosa:

* Kavvadias D, Monschein V, Sand P, Riederer P, Schreier P. Food Chemistry, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany. Constituents of sage (Salvia officinalis) with in vitro affinity to human brain benzodiazepine receptor. Planta Med. 2003 Feb;69(2):113-7. PMID: 12624814 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudio sobre sus efectos secundarios:

* Millet Y, Tognetti P, Lavaire-Perlovisi M, Steinmetz MD, Arditti J, Jouglard J. Experimental study of the toxic convulsant properties of commercial preparations of essences of sage and hyssop (author's transl). Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin. 1979 Jan-Mar;9(1):12-8. PMID: 493616 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Vion Dury, J., M.D. Steinmetz, G. Jadot, Y. Millet. 1986. Effets de l'essence de sauge sur le seuil epileptogene et l'embrasement amygdalien chez le rat. Rapport preliminaire [Effects of sage essence on the epileptogenic threshold and amygdaloid body in the rat. Preliminary report] J Toxicol Clin Exp 6(1):29-31.


Estudios sobre su toxicidad:

* Lima CF, Carvalho F, Fernandes E, Bastos ML, Santos-Gomes PC, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Department of Biology, Centre of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. Evaluation of toxic/protective effects of the essential oil of Salvia officinalis on freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 2004 Aug;18(4):457-65. PMID: 15130603 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Millet Y, Jouglard J, Steinmetz MD, Tognetti P, Joanny P, Arditti J. Toxicity of some essential plant oils. Clinical and experimental study. Clin Toxicol. 1981 Dec;18(12):1485-98. PMID: 7333081 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su composición química:

* Daniela T. Katedra farmakognozie a botaniky Farmaceutickej fakulty University Komenskeho, Bratislava. Salvia officinalis l. I. Botanic characteristics, composition, use and cultivation. Cesk Farm. 1993 Jun;42(3):111-6. PMID: 8402963 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Radulescu V, Chiliment S, Oprea E. Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 6 Traian Vuia, Bucharest, Romania. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of volatile and semi-volatile compounds of Salvia officinalis. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Feb 20;1027(1-2):121-6. PMID: 14971492 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Santos-Gomes PC, Fernandes-Ferreira M. Universidade do Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciencias, Largo do Paco, 4709 Braga Codex, Portugal. Essential oils produced by in vitro shoots of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Apr 9;51(8):2260-6. PMID: 12670167 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Bors W, Michel C, Stettmaier K, Lu Y, Foo LY. Institut fur Strahlenbiologie, GSF Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, GSF Research Center, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Pulse radiolysis, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of caffeic acid oligomer radicals. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Mar 17;1620(1-3):97-107. PMID: 12595078 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Petersen M, Simmonds MS. Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany. Rosmarinic acid. Phytochemistry. 2003 Jan;62(2):121-5. PMID: 12482446 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].

* Funk C, Croteau R. Institute of Biological Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340. Induction and Characterization of a Cytochrome P-450-Dependent Camphor Hydroxylase in Tissue Cultures of Common Sage (Salvia officinalis). Plant Physiol. 1993 Apr;101(4):1231-1237. PMID: 12231778 [PubMed-as supplied by publisher].

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